dos.dos Problems with existing studies

Because the dowry was legitimately prohibited from inside the India and you can Bangladesh, some body constantly hesitate to inform you specific dowry quantity. The high quality question to your dowry from the Indian dataset requires throughout the community-established dowry. Eg, the Asia Human Advancement Questionnaire requires “Basically in your community to possess children particularly your own, do you know the variety of items that are offered because the gifts during the time of this new daughter’s wedding?” A residential area-based dowry is not necessarily the identical to an individual dowry, that’s paid back of the bride’s parents during matrimony. As an alternative, issue away from dowry lets simply a digital respond to, i.e., even though a positive level of dowry was paid back (age.grams., Survey into the Status of females and you will Virility both in India and you may Pakistan). A binary address, however, will not provide much more details. The norm away from whether or not an optimistic dowry count is offered corresponds to, and that’s largely said because of the, ethnic, spiritual, and caste experiences in Southern area Asia.

Once the dowry isn’t legitimately banned inside Pakistan, the amount directly repaid of the women respondent’s mothers can be requested in the place of reservation for the a great Pakistani dataset including the Pakistan Outlying Family Questionnaire. In the event Pakistani interviewees will most likely not purposefully hide real information on dowry means, the latest questionnaire may still include remember mistakes once the respondents have to remember brand new dowry matter paid down from the the parents previously. Figure 1a plots of land the newest forecast level of real dowry beliefs measured inside Pakistani Rupees within the 2004 on to wedding seasons playing with research off this new Pakistan Rural Household Survey. Just like the consensus is that actual dowry number is increasing, or perhaps exhibit a non-declining trend, the new shape implies the general desire away from remember mistakes. This basically means DateNiceUkrainian app, the newest stretched the newest gap within interviewees’ marriage and the recall big date, the more likely he is in order to overestimate the latest dowry count.

Relationship ranging from ladies’ ounts. The new line reveals the latest predict real number of dowry regressed towards the ladies relationship season. The latest shaded town suggests 95% believe period of the predict amount of dowry. The details types of (a) and (b) is actually Pakistan Outlying Household Survey 2004, plus the rural home questionnaire held by publisher inside 2013, respectively

3 Investigation

Into good all of our studies, investigation gathered within investigation are definitely the first to take on explicitly a broad habit of overestimate an amount paid lengthy back. Similar to the services regarding in past times collected study, ours are also retrospective; but not, centered on so it interest, i eg adopted particular efforts to attenuate survey bear in mind problems. Such, i wanted the amount of each other society-depending dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry amount paid during the time of the new respondent’s wedding (retrospective). As Pakistani dowry consists of gold/precious jewelry, dresses, furniture, cooking equipment, and the like, i queried dowry amounts by the item. Whenever we felt good respondent’s overestimation of dowry count, particularly in the truth out of a married relationship one to taken place a long time in the past, as the dowry was demonstrated, we are able to and you can did evaluate these types of quantity which have people who attended new service. Consequently, all of our research into predicted actual degrees of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not show one decreasing development, on the other hand that have those people claimed when you look at the Fig. 1a.

3.step one Survey

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).